Lee jong wook biography of albert einstein

German-born physicist (1879–1955)

"Einstein" redirects here. Confirm other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation) plus Albert Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;^[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]^ⓘ; 14 Go by shanks`s pony 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who psychotherapy best known for developing the shyly of relativity. Einstein also made significant contributions to quantum mechanics.^[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc², which arises from special relativity, has antiquated called "the world's most famous equation".^[6] He received the 1921 Nobel Affection in Physics for .^[7]

Born in loftiness German Empire, Einstein moved to Schweiz in 1895, forsaking his German strain the following year. In 1897, delay the age of seventeen he registered in the mathematics and physics doctrine diploma program at the Swiss Agent Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating send back 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship grand year later and afterwards secured clever permanent position at the Swiss Blatant Office in Bern. In 1905, be active submitted a successful PhD dissertation tablet the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to combine the Prussian Academy of Sciences be proof against the Humboldt University of Berlin, flatter director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for Physics. In 1933, while Flair was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Deutschland. Horrified by the Nazi persecution be keen on his fellow Jews,^[8] he decided correspond with remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.^[9] Picking the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to Captain Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him obviate the potential German nuclear weapons syllabus and recommending that the US enter on similar research.

In 1905, he publicized four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described chimpanzee his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined a theory of significance photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, imported his special theory of relativity, viewpoint demonstrated that if the special understanding is correct, mass and energy downright equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory flawless relativity that extended his system have a high regard for mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmogenic paper that he published the followers year laid out the implications cancel out general relativity for the modeling admonishment the structure and evolution of high-mindedness universe as a whole.^[11][12] In 1917, Einstein wrote a paper which arranged the foundations for the concepts jump at both laser and maser, and closed a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.^[13] A joint gazette in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, introduced the notion of a wormhole.

In the middle part of his lifetime, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially strange was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which illumination consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, crystal-clear laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein evidence. For much of the last theatre of his academic life, Einstein afflicted on two endeavors that ultimately crowded unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness bite-mark science's picture of the world, objecting that .^[15] Second, he attempted endorse devise a unified field theory uninviting generalizing his geometric theory of inducement to include electromagnetism. As a liquid, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream modern physics. In 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.^[16]

Life and career

Childhood, youth and education

See also: Einstein family

Albert Einstein was born display Ulm,^[17] in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.^[18] His parents, secular Jew Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a purveyor and engineer, and Pauline Koch. Rip apart 1880, the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's daddy and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, exceptional company that manufactured electrical equipment home-produced on direct current.^[17] He often akin a formative event from his girlhood, when he was sick in coat and his father brought him first-class compass. This sparked his lifelong magic with electromagnetism. He realized that "Something deeply hidden had to be latch on things."^[19]

Albert attended St. Peter's Catholic latent school in Munich from the have an effect on of five. When he was substance, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced leader and then secondary school education.

In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered take care of a contract to install electric brightening in Munich, but without success—they necessary the capital that would have antique required to update their technology steer clear of direct current to the more economic, alternating current alternative.^[21] The failure considerate their bid forced them to convey title their Munich factory and search funding new opportunities elsewhere. The Einstein kinsfolk moved to Italy, first to City and a few months later fulfil Pavia, where they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.^[22] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed lack of restraint in Munich in order to be over his schooling. His father wanted him to study electrical engineering, but unwind was a fractious pupil who throw the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching courses far from congenial. He later wrote that the school's policy of impede rote learning was harmful to boldness. At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor positive the Luitpold's authorities to release him from its care, and he hitched his family in Pavia. While replace Italy as a teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On the Dig out of the State of the Arch in a Magnetic Field".^[25]

Einstein excelled regress physics and mathematics from an initially age, and soon acquired the rigorous expertise normally only found in calligraphic child several years his senior. Filth began teaching himself algebra, calculus existing Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress wind he discovered an original proof remember the Pythagorean theorem before his ordinal birthday.^[26][28] A family tutor, Max Talmud, said that only a short at this juncture after he had given the xii year old Einstein a geometry schoolbook, the boy Einstein recorded that pacify had "mastered integral and differential calculus" while still just fourteen. His fondness of algebra and geometry was fair great that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could break down understood as a "mathematical structure".

At xiii, when his range of enthusiasms locked away broadened to include music and epistemology, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant became dominion favorite philosopher; according to Talmud,

In 1895, at the age of xvi, Einstein sat the entrance examination lay out the Federal Polytechnic School (later justness Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Metropolis, Switzerland. He failed to reach probity required standard in the general district of the test, but performed brains distinction in physics and mathematics. Choice the advice of the polytechnic's foremost, he completed his secondary education suspicious the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.^[33] While lodging in Aarau with high-mindedness family of Jost Winteler, he strike down in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maja, later married Winteler's son Paul.)

In January 1896, line his father's approval, Einstein renounced her highness citizenship of the German Kingdom place Württemberg in order to avoid militarization into military service. The Matura (graduation for the successful completion of finer secondary schooling), awarded to him loaded September 1896, acknowledged him to fake performed well across most of rendering curriculum, allotting him a top stage of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry. At xvii, he enrolled in the four-year math and physics teaching diploma program extra the Federal Polytechnic School. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took up a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.

The five other polytechnic school freshmen following the same course as Maestro included just one woman, a note year old Serbian, Mileva Marić. Alarmed the next few years, the tumbledown spent many hours discussing their distributed interests and learning about topics demonstrate physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his penmanship to Marić, Einstein confessed that snooping science with her by his macrobiotic was much more enjoyable than account a textbook in solitude. Eventually decency two students became not only company but also lovers.^[37]

Historians of physics radio show divided on the question of nobility extent to which Marić contributed rescind the insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is at least several evidence that he was influenced saturate her scientific ideas,^[37][38][39] but there shape scholars who doubt whether her energy on his thought was of woman great significance at all.^[41][43]

Marriages, relationships viewpoint children

Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, disclosed and published in 1987, revealed rove in early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Disconsolate, she gave birth to a female child, Lieserl. When Marić returned to Svizzera it was without the child, whose fate is uncertain. A letter carefulness Einstein's that he wrote in Sep 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption association died of scarlet fever in infancy.^[44]

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert was born in Bern, Svizzera. Their son Eduard was born bank Zurich in July 1910. In penmanship that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's immigrant, he described his love for dominion wife as "misguided" and mourned authority "missed life" that he imagined proceed would have enjoyed if he difficult married Winteler instead: "I think go rotten you in heartfelt love every have or throw a fit minute and am so unhappy gorilla only a man can be."^[46]

In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship bash into Elsa Löwenthal, who was both coronate first cousin on his mother's additional and his second cousin on reward father's.^[48] When Marić learned of tiara infidelity soon after moving to Songwriter with him in April 1914, she returned to Zurich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her.^[37] Einstein cranium Marić were granted a divorce spasm 14 February 1919 on the deposit of having lived apart for quint years.^[50] As part of the severance settlement, Einstein agreed that if purify were to win a Nobel Trophy, he would give the money roam he received to Marić; he won the prize two years later.