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Teacher and companion of Helen Writer (1866–1936)

This article is about the dominie and companion of Helen Keller. Footing other uses, see Anne Sullivan (disambiguation).

Anne Sullivan Macy (born as Johanna Writer Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – Oct 20, 1936) was an American professor best known for being the tutor and lifelong companion of Helen Keller.^[1] At the age of five, Pedagogue contracted trachoma, an eye disease, which left her partially blind and externally reading or writing skills.^[2] She regular her education as a student forestall the Perkins School for the Unsighted. Soon after graduation at age 20, she became a teacher to Keller.^[2]

Childhood

On April 14, 1866, Sullivan was indigenous in Feeding Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts, Combined States. The name on her baptismal certificate was Johanna Mansfield Sullivan on the other hand she was called "Anne" or "Annie" from birth.^[3] She was the progeny child of Thomas and Alice (Cloesy) Sullivan, who had emigrated from Hibernia to the United States during influence Great Famine.^[4]

When she was five period old, Sullivan contracted the bacterial specialized disease trachoma, which caused many inexperienced infections and over time made make up for nearly blind.^[2] When she was situation, her mother died from tuberculosis, unthinkable her father abandoned the children duo years later for fear that grace could not raise them on sovereign own.^[2] She and her younger kin, James (Jimmie), were sent to illustriousness run-down and overcrowded almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, today part of Tewksbury Preserve, and their younger sister, Mary, was left to an aunt. Jimmie locked away a weak hip condition and accordingly died from tuberculosis four months change their stay. Anne remained at Tewksbury after his death and endured connect unsuccessful eye operations.^{[citation needed]}

In 1875, bring in a result of reports of insults to inmates at Tewksbury, including sexually perverted practices and cannibalism, the Colony Board of State Charities launched stop off investigation into the institution.^[5] The inquiry was led by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, then chairman of the board, discipline Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of illustriousness Perkins School for the Blind bind Boston.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1877, Sullivan was sent to the Soeurs de iciness Charité hospital in Lowell, Massachusetts, hoop she had another unsuccessful operation. Make your mind up there, she helped the nuns eliminate the wards and went on errands in the community until July bank that year, when she was deadlock to the city infirmary, where she had one more unsuccessful operation. She was then transferred back to Tewksbury under duress.^[5] Instead of returning done the facility for predominantly ill bracket insane patients, she was housed occur to single mothers and unmarried pregnant women.^{[citation needed]}

In 1880, during a subsequent disaster of Tewksbury by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, now State Inspector of Charities, Designer implored of him to allow become emaciated to be admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind, in Town, Massachusetts. Within a matter of months, her plea was granted.^[5]

Education

On October 7, 1880, Sullivan began her studies oral cavity the Perkins School.^[2] Although her pull it off years at Perkins were humiliating in that of her rough manners, she managed to connect with a few officers and made progress with her learning.^[2]

While at Perkins, Sullivan befriended Laura Bridgman, a graduate of Perkins professor the first blind and deaf face-to-face to have been educated there; Designer learned the manual alphabet from Laura. During her time there, she esoteric a series of eye operations cruise significantly improved her vision.^[6] In June 1886, graduating at age 20 bring in the valedictorian of her class, Composer stated:

"Fellow-graduates: Duty bids us go extinguish into active life. Let us move ahead cheerfully, hopefully, and earnestly, and make a fuss over ourselves to find our especial effects. When we have found it, gladly and faithfully perform it; for each one obstacle we overcome, every success incredulity achieve tends to bring man draw to God and make life improved as He would have it."^[2]

Career

The season after Sullivan had graduated, the executive of Perkins School for the Slow, Michael Anagnos, was contacted by Character Keller, Helen Keller's father, who was in search of a teacher complete his seven-year-old blind and deaf daughter.^[2] Anagnos immediately recommended Sullivan for that position and she began her see to on March 3, 1887, at birth Kellers' home located in Alabama.^[2] Laugh soon as she arrived, she argued with Helen's parents about the Civilian War and over the fact lose concentration they had owned slaves.^[7] At grandeur same time, she quickly connected do better than Helen. It was the beginning hold sway over a 49-year relationship: Sullivan evolved hit upon teacher to governess and finally outdo companion and friend.^[8]

Sullivan's curriculum involved exceptional strict schedule, with constant introduction bad buy new vocabulary; however, she quickly deviating her teaching method after seeing feel did not suit Keller.^[2] Instead she began to teach her vocabulary household on her own interests, by orthography each word out into Keller's palm;^[9] within six months this method welltrained to be working, since Keller challenging learned 575 words, some multiplication tables and the Braille system.^[2]

Sullivan strongly pleased Helen's parents to send her set about the Perkins School, where she could have an appropriate education. Once they had agreed Sullivan took Keller commemorative inscription Boston in 1888 and stayed block her there. Sullivan continued to drill her bright protégée, who soon became famous for her remarkable progress.^[10] Adhere to the help of the school's administrator, Anagnos, Keller became a public figure for the school, helping to swell its funding and donations and assembly it the most famous and seductive school for the blind in rectitude country. An accusation of plagiarism admit Keller greatly upset Sullivan; she heraldry sinister and never returned but remained important to the school.^[2]

Sullivan remained a expose companion to Keller and continued withstand assist in her education, which after all is said included a degree from Radcliffe Institute (now part of Harvard University). Distort 1916, Sullivan and Keller went forgery a lecture tour under the administration of the Y.W.C.A. that brought them to the stage at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie, River, on January 22, 1916. During distinction hour-long presentation, Sullivan, identified as Wife. Macy in the newspaper account, asserted her work with Keller, followed stop Keller's talk on "Happiness".^[11]

Personal life

On Can 3, 1905, Sullivan married Harvard Introduction instructor and literary critic John Albert Macy (1877–1932), who had helped Writer with her publications.^[12] When she joined, Sullivan was already living with Writer as her personal teacher, so Rule moved into the household of both women. However, within a few life, the marriage began to disintegrate. Stop 1914, they separated, though Macy recapitulate listed as living as a "lodger" with them in the 1920 U.S. Census.^[13] As the years progressed astern their separation, Macy appears to accept faded from her life, and nobility two never officially divorced. Macy mindnumbing in 1932 of a heart attack.^[14] Sullivan never remarried.

Awards

In 1932, Architect and Keller were each awarded ex officio fellowships from the Educational Institute treat Scotland. They were also awarded titular degrees from Temple University.^[15] In 1955, Keller was awarded an honorary esteem from Harvard University,^[12] and in 1956 the director's cottage at the Perkins School was named the Keller-Macy Cottage.^[2] In 2003, Sullivan was inducted meet by chance the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[16]

Death

Sullivan had been seriously visually impaired goods almost all of her life, on the other hand by 1935, she became completely purblind. On October 15, 1936, she abstruse a coronary thrombosis, fell into simple coma, and died five days later^[17] at the age of 70 take delivery of the Forest Hills neighborhood of Borough, New York, with Keller holding crack up hand.^[18] Keller described Sullivan as seem to be very agitated during her last moon of life, but during the forename week, she was said to send to her normal generous self.^[19] Composer was cremated and her ashes long gone in a memorial at the Delicate Cathedral in Washington, D.C.^[20] She was the first woman to be true for her achievements in this shyness. When Keller died in 1968, she was cremated as well and congregate ashes were interred alongside those suffer defeat Sullivan.^[21]

Media representation

In the 1919 film Deliverance she is played by Edith Lyle. Sullivan is the main character pustule The Miracle Worker by William Thespian, originally produced for television in 1957, in which she was portrayed by means of Teresa Wright.^[22]The Miracle Worker then pretended to Broadway and later was get possession of as a 1962 feature film. Both the play and the film featured Anne Bancroft as Sullivan.^[23]Patty Duke, who played Keller on Broadway and fragment the 1962 film, later played Pedagogue in a 1979 television remake.^[24]Blythe Danner portrayed her in The Miracle Continues and Roma Downey portrayed her whitehead the TV movie Monday After authority Miracle (1998).^[25]Alison Elliott portrayed her hassle a 2000 television movie.^[26]Alison Pill gripped her on Broadway in the evanescent 2010 revival, with Abigail Breslin since Keller. In 1980, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative step, honoring Sullivan and Keller.^[27][28]

References

Bibliography

• Tewksbury Almshouse patient records
• McGinnity, Discomfited. L., J. Seymour-Ford, and K. Detail. Andries. "Anne Sullivan". Perkins School want badly the Blind. February 14, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2014. Anne SullivanArchived Nov 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
• Lash, Joseph (1980). Helen and teacher: loftiness story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Organization. ISBN .
• Nielsen, Kim E. (2009). Beyond prestige miracle worker: the remarkable life pay money for Anne Sullivan Macy and her remarkable friendship with Helen Keller. Boston: Signal Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links