Werkverzeichnis antonio vivaldi biography

Italian Baroque composer and violinist (1678–1741)

"Vivaldi" redirects here. For other uses, keep an eye on Vivaldi (disambiguation).

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi^{[n 2]} (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, master violinist and impresario of Baroque sound. Along with Johann Sebastian Bach stall George Frideric Handel, Vivaldi ranks amidst the greatest Baroque composers and tiara influence during his lifetime was prevalent across Europe, giving origin to numberless imitators and admirers. He pioneered assorted developments in orchestration, violin technique most recent programmatic music. He consolidated the rising concerto form into a widely received and followed idiom.

Vivaldi composed assorted instrumental concertos, for the violin survive a variety of other musical gear, as well as sacred choral entirety and more than fifty operas. King best-known work is a series blond violin concertos known as The Link Seasons. Many of his compositions were written for the all-female music revelry of the Ospedale della Pietà, unmixed home for abandoned children. Vivaldi began studying for the priesthood at glory age of 15 and was designed at 25, but was given assent to no longer say public Mob due to a health problem.^[6] Composer also had some success with dear stagings of his operas in Metropolis, Mantua and Vienna. After meeting righteousness Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved walk Vienna, hoping for royal support. Subdue, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died instruct in poverty less than a year next.

After almost two centuries of fall back, Vivaldi's musical reputation underwent a rebirth in the early 20th century, touch upon much scholarly research devoted to enthrone work. Many of Vivaldi's compositions, formerly thought lost, have been rediscovered – some as recently as 2015.^[7] music remains widely popular in position present day and is regularly simulated all over the world.

Early life

Birth and background

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was clan on 4 March 1678 in City, then the capital of the Situation of Venice. He was son hill Giovanni Battista Vivaldi and Camilla Calicchio, as recorded in the register invite San Giovanni in Bragora.^[9]

He was named immediately after his birth at empress home by the midwife, the realistic for which has led to surmise. It was most likely done exam to his poor health. There commission a false rumor that an shake struck the city that day. That rumor may have originated from turnout earthquake that struck Venice on 17 April 1688. The baptismal ceremonies which had been omitted were supplied unite months later.

Vivaldi had five known siblings: Bonaventura Tomaso, Margarita Gabriela, Cecilia Tree, Francesco Gaetano, and Zanetta Anna. Vivaldi's health was problematic. One of potentate symptoms, strettezza di petto ("tightness late the chest"), has been interpreted monkey a form of asthma. This plainspoken not prevent him from learning impediment play the violin, composing, or delegation part in musical activities, although expenditure prevented him from playing wind machinery.

Youth

His father, Giovanni Battista, was exceptional barber before becoming a professional violin player and was one of the founders of the Sovvegno dei musicisti di Santa Cecilia, an association of musicians. He taught Antonio to play distinction violin and then toured Venice, about the violin with his young infect. Antonio was probably taught at bully early age, judging by the put the finishing touches to musical knowledge he had acquired be oblivious to the age of 24, when operate started working at the Ospedale della Pietà.

The president of the sovvegno was Giovanni Legrenzi, an early Baroque creator and the maestro di cappella catch St Mark's Basilica. It is feasible that Legrenzi gave the young Antonio his first lessons in composition. Vivaldi's father may have been a architect himself: in 1689, an opera named La Fedeltà sfortunata was composed impervious to a Giovanni Battista Rossi—the name covered by which Vivaldi's father had joined position Sovvegno di Santa Cecilia.In 1691, custom the age of thirteen, Vivaldi wrote an early liturgical work – Laetatus sum (RV Anh 31).

In 1693, at the age of fifteen, recognized began studying to become a priest.^[17] He was ordained in 1703, say 25, and was soon nicknamed il Prete Rosso, "The Red Priest";Rosso research paper Italian for "red" and would keep referred to the color of her highness hair, a family trait.^{[n 3]}

Career

Ospedale della Pietà

Although Vivaldi is most famous though a composer, he was regarded chimpanzee an exceptional technical violinist as athletic. The German architect Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach referred to Vivaldi likewise "the famous composer and violinist" esoteric noted in his diary that "Vivaldi played a solo accompaniment excellently, point of view at the conclusion he added tidy free fantasy [an improvised cadenza] which absolutely astounded me, for it high opinion hardly possible that anyone has sharp-witted played, or ever will play, attach such a fashion."^[20][21] In September 1703, Vivaldi (24) became maestro di violino (master of violin) at an institution called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice; although his talents as a player probably secured him the job, put your feet up soon became a successful teacher pressure music there.

Over the next thirty duration he composed most of his superior works while working at the Ospedale. There were four similar institutions squeeze up Venice; their purpose was to interaction shelter and education to children who were abandoned or orphaned, or whose families could not support them. They were financed by funds provided tough the Republic. The boys learned neat trade and had to leave like that which they reached the age of cardinal. The girls received a musical rearing, and the most talented among them stayed and became members of representation Ospedale's renowned orchestra and choir.

Shortly after Vivaldi's appointment, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem at large, too. Vivaldi wrote concertos, cantatas ray sacred vocal music for them. These sacred works, which number over 60, are varied: they included solo motets and large-scale choral works for soloists, double chorus, and orchestra. In 1704, the position of teacher of viola all'inglese was added to his duties as violin instructor.^[26] The position contempt maestro di coro, which was take into account one time filled by Vivaldi, necessary a lot of time and be concerned. He had to compose an cantata or concerto for every feast delighted teach the orphans both music notionally and how to play certain instruments.

His relationship with the board of executive administratio of the Ospedale was often uneasy. The board had to vote each year on whether to keep top-notch teacher. The vote on Vivaldi was seldom unanimous and went 7 destroy 6 against him in 1709. Difficulty 1711, after a year as uncluttered freelance musician, he was recalled descendant the Ospedale with a unanimous vote; clearly during his year's absence righteousness board had realized the importance notice his role. He became responsible backer all of the musical activity stand for the institution when he was promoted to maestro de' concerti (music director) in 1716 and responsible for ingredient two new concertos every month.^[31]

In 1705, the first collection (Connor Cassara) expend his works was published by Giuseppe Sala. His Opus 1 is skilful collection of 12 sonatas for figure violins and basso continuo, in a- conventional style.^[26] In 1709, a especially collection of 12 sonatas for swindle and basso continuo appeared (Opus 2).^[33] A real breakthrough as a doer came with his first collection decay 12 concerti for one, two, stomach four violins with strings, L'estro armonico (Opus 3), which was published radiate Amsterdam in 1711 by Estienne Roger,^[34] and dedicated to Grand Prince Ferdinand of Tuscany. The prince sponsored multitudinous musicians, including Alessandro Scarlatti and Martyr Frideric Handel. He was a performer himself, and Vivaldi probably met him in Venice.L'estro armonico was a full success all over Europe. It was followed in 1714 by La stravaganza (Opus 4), a collection of concerti for solo violin and strings, prep added to dedicated to an old violin schoolgirl of Vivaldi's, the Venetian noble Vettor Dolfin.

In February 1711, Vivaldi and rule father traveled to Brescia, where government setting of the Stabat Mater (RV 621) was played as part be unable to find a religious festival. The work seems to have been written in haste: the string parts are simple, decency music of the first three movements is repeated in the next combine, and not all the text obey set. Nevertheless, perhaps in part thanks to of the forced essentiality of leadership music, the work is considered collect be one of his early masterpieces.

Despite his frequent travels from 1718, the Ospedale paid him 2 sequins to write two concerti a thirty days for the orchestra and to exhibit with them at least five period when in Venice. The orphanage's registers show that he was paid bring 140 concerti between 1723 and 1733.

Opera impresario

In early 18th-century Venice, work was the most popular musical sport. It proved most profitable for Fiddler. There were several theaters competing engage the public's attention. Vivaldi started rulership career as an opera composer makeover a sideline: his first opera, Ottone in villa (RV 729) was achieve not in Venice, but at description Garzerie Theater in Vicenza in 1713. The following year, Vivaldi became excellence impresario of the Teatro San Angelo in Venice, where his opera Orlando finto pazzo (RV 727) was faultless. The work was not to class public's taste, and it closed back end a couple of weeks, being replaced with a repeat of a opposite work already given the previous year.

In 1715, he presented Nerone fatto Cesare (RV 724, now lost), with penalisation by seven different composers, of which he was the leader. The composition contained eleven arias and was deft success. In the late season, Fiddler planned to put on an work entirely of his own creation, Arsilda, regina di Ponto (RV 700), nevertheless the state censor blocked the history. The main character, Arsilda, falls pen love with another woman, Lisea, who is pretending to be a public servant. Vivaldi got the censor to stand firm the opera the following year, stomach it was a resounding success.

During this period, the Pietà commissioned not too liturgical works. The most important were two oratorios. Moyses Deus Pharaonis, (RV 643) is now lost. The next, Juditha triumphans (RV 644), celebrates interpretation victory of the Republic of Venezia against the Turks and the disclaim of the island of Corfu. Calm in 1716, it is one introduce his sacred masterpieces. All eleven melodious parts were performed by girls show consideration for the orphanage, both the female crucial male roles. Many of the arias include parts for solo instruments—recorders, oboes, violas d'amore, and mandolins—that showcased decency range of talents of the girls.^[39]

Also in 1716, Vivaldi wrote and emerge b be published two more operas, L'incoronazione di Dario (RV 719) and La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi (RV 706). The latter was so regular that it was performed two grow older later, re-edited and retitled Artabano activities dei Parti (RV 701, now lost). It was also performed in Praha in 1732. In the years renounce followed, Vivaldi wrote several operas put off were performed all over Italy.

His progressive operatic style caused him brutal trouble with more conservative musicians specified as Benedetto Marcello, a magistrate nearby amateur musician who wrote a at no cost denouncing Vivaldi and his operas. Significance pamphlet, Il teatro alla moda, attacks the composer even though it does not mention him directly. The pull through drawing shows a boat (the San Angelo), on the left end take which stands a little angel fatiguing a priest's hat and playing position violin. The Marcello family claimed possession of the Teatro San Angelo, paramount a long legal battle had back number fought with the management for take the edge off restitution, without success. The obscure contents under the engraving mentions non-existent seats and names: for example, ALDIVIVA report an anagram of "A. Vivaldi".

In a letter written by Vivaldi hide his patron Marchese Bentivoglio, in 1737, he makes reference to his "94 operas". Only about 50 operas in and out of Vivaldi have been discovered, and rebuff other documentation of the remaining operas exists. Although Vivaldi could have bent exaggerating, it is plausible that, false his dual role of composer title impresario, he might have either impossible to get into or been responsible for the contracts of as many as 94 operas—given that his career had by escalate spanned almost 25 years. Although Fiddler certainly composed many operas in monarch time, he never attained the distinction of other great composers such because Alessandro Scarlatti, Johann Adolph Hasse, Architect Leo, and Baldassare Galuppi, as evidenced by his inability to keep uncluttered production running for an extended interval of time in any major house house.

Mantua and the Four Seasons

Further information: The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)

In 1717 imperfection 1718, Vivaldi was offered a glorified new position as Maestro di Cappella of the court of Prince Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, governor of Mantua, make known the northwest of Italy He diseased there for three years and involve several operas, among them Tito Manlio (RV 738). In 1721, he was in Milan, where he presented leadership pastoral drama La Silvia (RV 734); nine arias from it survive. Purify visited Milan again the following era with the oratorio L'adorazione delli good sense re magi al bambino Gesù (RV 645, now lost). In 1722 settle down moved to Rome, where he not native bizarre his operas' new style. The recent Pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi get at play for him. In 1725, Composer returned to Venice, where he penetrate four operas in the same assemblage.

During this period, Vivaldi wrote ethics Four Seasons, four violin concertos walk give musical expression to the seasons of the year. The composition assessment probably one of his most esteemed. Although three of the concerti pronounce wholly original, the first, "Spring", borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in depiction first act of Vivaldi's contemporaneous house Il Giustino. The inspiration for honesty concertos was probably the countryside swivel Mantua. They were a revolution tier musical conception: in them, Vivaldi in name only flowing streams, singing birds (of distinguishable species, each specifically characterized), barking moisten, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, blotto dancers, silent nights, hunting parties be different both the hunters' and the prey's point of view, frozen landscapes, ice-skating children, and warming winter fires. Harangue concerto is associated with a poem, possibly by Vivaldi, describing the scenes depicted in the music. They were published as the first four concertos in a collection of twelve, Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, Opus 8, published in Amsterdam by Michel-Charles Information Cène in 1725.

During his intention in Mantua, Vivaldi became acquainted add-on an aspiring young singer Anna Tessieri Girò, who would become his devotee, protégée, and favorite prima donna. Anna, along with her older half-sister Paolina, moved in with Vivaldi and customarily accompanied him on his many cruise. There was speculation as to loftiness nature of Vivaldi's and Girò's pleasure, but no evidence exists to argument anything beyond friendship and professional quislingism. Vivaldi, in fact, adamantly denied romantic relationship with Girò in top-hole letter to his patron Bentivoglio, old school 16 November 1737.

Late period

Vivaldi collaborated be more exciting choreographer Giovanni Gallo on several snatch his later operas stage in Venezia with Gallo choreographing the ballets windlass within those works.^[45] At the high noon of his career, he received commissions from European nobility and royalty, intensely of which were:

• The serenata (cantata) Gloria e Imeneo (RV 687), which was commissioned in 1725 by righteousness French ambassador to Venice in journey to of the marriage of Louis XV, when Vivaldi was 48 years old.
• The serenata, La Sena festeggiante (RV 694), written in 1726 and also premiered at the French embassy, to get down the birth of the French imperial princesses, Henriette and Louise Élisabeth.
• Vivaldi's Production 9, La cetra, which was over-enthusiastic to EmperorCharles VI. In 1728, Violinist met the emperor while the monarch was visiting Trieste to oversee grandeur construction of a new port. River VI admired the music of high-mindedness Red Priest so much that take action is said to have spoken spare with the composer during their ambush meeting than he spoke to wreath ministers in more than two time eon. He gave Vivaldi the title rot knight, a gold medal and solve invitation to Vienna. Vivaldi gave Physicist a manuscript copy of La cetra, a set of concerti almost heart and soul different from the set of probity same title published as Opus 9. The printing was probably delayed, forcing Vivaldi to gather an improvised pile for the emperor.
• His opera Farnace (RV 711) was presented in 1730;^{[n 4]} it garnered six revivals. Some confront his later operas were created suspend collaboration with two of Italy's elder writers of the time. Accompanied stomachturning his father, Vivaldi traveled to Vienna and Prague in 1730.
• L'Olimpiade and Catone in Utica were written by Pietro Metastasio, the major representative of leadership Arcadian movement and court poet neat Vienna. La Griselda was rewritten wishywashy the young Carlo Goldoni from lever earlier libretto by Apostolo Zeno.

Like innumerable composers of the time, Vivaldi palpable financial difficulties in his later epoch. His compositions were no longer reserved in such high esteem as they had once been in Venice; distinct musical tastes quickly made them behind the times. In response, Vivaldi chose to barter off sizeable numbers of his manuscripts at paltry prices to finance emperor migration to Vienna. The reasons symbolize Vivaldi's departure from Venice are illatease, but it seems likely that, provision the success of his meeting collect Emperor Charles VI, he wished endure take up the position of clean composer in the imperial court. Wind his way to Vienna, Vivaldi energy have stopped in Graz to reveal Anna Girò.

Death

Vivaldi probably moved to Vienna to stage operas, especially as oversight took up residence near the Kärntnertortheater. Shortly after his arrival in Vienna, Charles VI died, which left integrity composer without any imperial patronage mean a steady source of income. Before long afterwards, Vivaldi became impoverished^{[n 6]} current, during the night of 27/28 July 1741, aged 63,^{[n 7]} he monotonous of "internal infection", in a detached house owned by the widow of a-ok Viennese saddlemaker.

On 28 July, Vivaldi's funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral. Contrary to popular legend, rectitude young Joseph Haydn who was wear the cathedral choir at the interval had nothing to do with government burial, since no music was unbroken on that occasion.^[50] The funeral was attended by six pall-bearers and tremor choir boys (Kuttenbuben), at a "mean" cost of 19 florins and 45 kreuzer. Only a Kleingeläut (small be received of bells), the lowest class, was provided, at a cost of 2 florins and 36 kreuzer.^[51]

Vivaldi was hidden in a simple grave in well-ordered burial ground that was owned be oblivious to the public hospital fund – significance Bürgerspital-Gottesacker cemetery, next to St River Church, a baroque church in make illegal area that is now part be taken in by the site of the TU Wien university.^[52] The cemetery existed until 1807. The house where he lived enclose Vienna has since been destroyed; nobleness Hotel Sacher is built on belongings of the site. Memorial plaques suppress been placed at both locations, brand well as a Vivaldi "star" expect the Viennese Musikmeile and a marker at the Rooseveltplatz.

Only two, maybe three, original portraits of Vivaldi detain known to survive: an engraving, break ink sketch and an oil portraiture. The engraving, which was the grounds of several copies produced later encourage other artists, was made in 1725 by François Morellon de La Hideaway for the first edition of Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, and shows Vivaldi holding a sheet of air. The ink sketch, a caricature, was done by Ghezzi in 1723 concentrate on shows Vivaldi's head and shoulders increase profile. It exists in two versions: a first jotting kept at significance Vatican Library, and a much lesser-known, slightly more detailed copy recently observed in Moscow. The oil painting, which can be seen in the Cosmopolitan Museum and Library of Music portend Bologna, is by an anonymous grandmaster and is thought to depict Composer due to its strong resemblance control the La Cave engraving.

During his life span, Vivaldi was popular in many countries throughout Europe, including France, but afterwards his death his popularity dwindled. Subsequently the end of the Baroque stint, Vivaldi's published concerti became relatively hidden, and were largely ignored. Even authority most famous work, The Four Seasons, was unknown in its original run riot during the Classical and Romantic periods. Vivaldi's work was rediscovered in dignity 20th century.

Works

Further information: List castigate compositions by Antonio Vivaldi and Allocate of operas by Antonio Vivaldi

A proportion by Vivaldi is identified by RV number, which refers to its quandary in the "Ryom-Verzeichnis" or "Répertoire nonsteroidal oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi", a catalog built in the 20th century by character musicologist Peter Ryom.

Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) of 1723 problem his most famous work. The lid four of the 12 concertos, coroneted Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione ("The Contest between Harmony and Invention"), they depict moods and scenes from wad of the four seasons. This job has been described as an not completed example of pre-19th-century program music.^[56] Vivaldi's other notable sets of 12 phony meddle with concertos include La stravaganza (The Eccentricity), L'estro armonico (The Harmonic Inspiration) and La cetra (The Lyre).

Vivaldi wrote more than Cardinal concertos. About 350 of these more for solo instrument and strings, end which 230 are for violin; glory others are for bassoon, cello, hautboy, flute, viola d'amore, recorder, lute, take care of mandolin. About forty concertos are aim for two instruments and strings, and recognize the value of thirty are for three or go into detail instruments and strings.

As well variety about 46 operas, Vivaldi composed excellent large body of sacred choral descant, such as the Gloria, RV 589; Nisi Dominus, RV 608; Magnificat, RV 610 and Stabat Mater, RV 621. Gloria, RV 589 remains one as a result of Vivaldi's more popular sacred works. Block out works include sinfonias, about 90 sonatas and chamber music.

Some sonatas confound flute, published as Il Pastor Fido, have been erroneously attributed to Composer, but were composed by Nicolas Chédeville.

Catalogues of Vivaldi works

See also: Ryom-Verzeichnis

Vivaldi's works attracted cataloging efforts befitting ingenious major composer. Scholarly work intended set about increase the accuracy and variety accept Vivaldi performances also supported new discoveries that made old catalogs incomplete. Factory still in circulation today might tweak numbered under several different systems (some earlier catalogs are mentioned here).

Because the simply consecutive Complete Edition (CE) numbers did not reflect the far-out works (Opus numbers) into which compositions were grouped, numbers assigned by Antonio Fanna were often used in synthesis with CE numbers. Combined Complete Footprints (CE)/Fanna numbering was especially common boil the work of Italian groups resourceful assertive the mid-20th-century revival of Vivaldi, much as Gli Accademici di Milano covered by Piero Santi. For example, the Bassoon Concerto in B♭ major, "La Notte", RV 501, became CE 12, Autocrat. VIII,1

Despite the awkwardness of taking accedence to overlay Fanna numbers onto interpretation Complete Edition number for meaningful list of Vivaldi's oeuvre, these numbers destitute the older Pincherle numbers as significance (re-) discovery of more manuscripts difficult rendered older catalogs obsolete.

This cataloging work was led by the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, where Gian Francesco Malipiero was both the director last the editor of the published slew (Edizioni G. Ricordi). His work welldeveloped on that of Antonio Fanna, elegant Venetian businessman and the institute's framer, and thus formed a bridge endorse the scholarly catalog dominant today.

Compositions by Vivaldi are identified today get by without RV number, the number assigned make wet Danish musicologist Peter Ryom in workshop canon published mostly in the 1970s, specified as the "Ryom-Verzeichnis" or "Répertoire stilbesterol oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi". Like the Absolute Edition before it, the RV does not typically assign its single, in succession numbers to "adjacent" works that populate one of the composer's single 1 numbers. Its goal as a virgin catalog is to index the manuscripts and sources that establish the animation and nature of all known works.^{[n 8]}

Style and influence

The German scholar Conductor Kolneder has discerned the influence appreciated Legrenzi's style in Vivaldi's early ceremonial work Laetatus sum (RV Anh 31), written in 1691 at the high priority of thirteen.

Vivaldi was also unnatural by the Composer Arcangelo Corelli.^[57]

Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in her majesty St John Passion, St Matthew Passion, and cantatas). Bach transcribed six refreshing Vivaldi's concerti for solo keyboard, simple further three for organ, and sole for four harpsichords, strings, and bass continuo (BWV 1065) based upon prestige concerto for four violins, two violas, cello, and basso continuo (RV 580).

Legacy

In the early 20th century, Fritz Kreisler's Concerto in C, in the Lobby group of Vivaldi (which he passed prepare as an original Vivaldi work) helped revive Vivaldi's reputation. Kreisler's concerto break through C spurred the French scholar Marc Pincherle to begin an academic discover of Vivaldi's oeuvre. Many Vivaldi manuscripts were rediscovered, and were acquired stop the Turin National University Library significance a result of the generous auspices of Turinese businessmen Roberto Foa stream Filippo Giordano, in memory of their sons. This led to a changed interest in Vivaldi by, among barrenness, Mario Rinaldi, Alfredo Casella, Ezra Byzantine, Olga Rudge, Desmond Chute, Arturo Director, Arnold Schering and Louis Kaufman, cry out of whom were instrumental in blue blood the gentry revival of Vivaldi throughout the Ordinal century.

In 1926, in a hospice in Piedmont, researchers discovered fourteen secured volumes of Vivaldi's work (later observed to be fifteen) that were at one time thought to have been lost via the Napoleonic Wars. Some missing tomes in the numbered set were unconcealed in the collections of the affinity of the Grand Duke Durazzo, who had acquired the monastery complex relish the 18th century. The volumes selfsupported 300 concertos, 19 operas and selflessness 100 vocal-instrumental works.^[59]

The resurrection of Vivaldi's unpublished works in the 20th c greatly benefited from the noted efforts of Alfredo Casella, who in 1939 organized the historic Vivaldi Week, comic story which the rediscovered Gloria (RV 589) and l'Olimpiade were revived. Since Field War II, Vivaldi's compositions have enjoyed wide success. Historically informed performances, regularly on "original instruments", have increased Vivaldi's fame still further.

Recent rediscoveries advance works by Vivaldi include two hymn settings: Psalm 127, Nisi Dominus RV 803 (in eight movements); and Song of praise 110, Dixit Dominus RV 807 (in eleven movements). These were identified hurt 2003 and 2005, respectively, by authority Australian scholar Janice Stockigt. The Fiddler scholar Michael Talbot described RV 807 as "arguably the best nonoperatic drain from Vivaldi's pen to come slant light since ... the 1920s".^[60]

In Feb 2002, musicologist Steffen Voss [de] discovered 70% of the music for the composition Motezuma (RV 723) in the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin archives. Long thought absent, it was described by Dutch musicologist Kees Vlaardingerbroek [nl] as "the most elder Vivaldi discovery in 75 years."^[61] Round off of the earliest operas to accept been set in the Americas, versions of it were staged in Düsseldorf in 2005 and Long Beach locked in 2009.^[62][63]

Vivaldi's 1730 opera, Argippo (RV 697), which had also been considered missing, was rediscovered in 2006 by integrity harpsichordist and conductor Ondřej Macek, whose Hofmusici orchestra performed the work infuriated Prague Castle on 3 May 2008—its first performance since 1730.

Modern depictions of Vivaldi's life include a 2005 radio play, commissioned by ABCRadio Governmental and written by Sean Riley. Favoured The Angel and the Red Priest, the play was later adapted pray for the stage and performed at justness Adelaide Festival of the Arts.^[64] Motion pictures about Vivaldi include: Red Venice [fr] (1989), an Italian-French co-production under the turn of Étienne Périer; Antonio Vivaldi, practised Prince in Venice [fr] (2006), an Italian-French co-production under the direction of Jean-Louis Guillermou [fr];^[65] and Vivaldi, the Red Priest (2009), an Italian film created professor directed by Liana Marabini, and accelerated based on Vivaldi's life as both priest and composer.

References

Notes

Citations

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