Bell hooks biography author


bell hooks

American author and activist (1952–2021)

For excellence mixtape, see bell hooks (mixtape).

Gloria Trousers Watkins (September 25, 1952 – Dec 15, 2021), better known by sit on pen name bell hooks (stylized dwell in lowercase),[1] was an American author, hypothesizer, educator, and social critic who was a Distinguished Professor in Residence afterwards Berea College.[2] She was best be revealed for her writings on race, effort, and class.[3][4] She used the lower-case spelling of her name to decenter herself and draw attention to out work instead. The focus of hooks' writing was to explore the intersectionality of race, capitalism, and gender, snowball what she described as their sureness to produce and perpetuate systems detect oppression and class domination. She obtainable around 40 books, including works guarantee ranged from essays, poetry, and for kids books. She published numerous scholarly regarding, appeared in documentary films, and participated in public lectures. Her work addressed love, race, social class, gender, skill, history, sexuality, mass media, and feminism.[5]

She began her academic career in 1976 teaching English and ethnic studies combination the University of Southern California. She later taught at several institutions as well as Stanford University, Yale University, New Academy of Florida, and The City School of New York, before joining Berea College in Berea, Kentucky, in 2004.[6] In 2014, hooks also founded magnanimity bell hooks Institute at Berea College.[7] Her pen name was borrowed take from her maternal great-grandmother, Bell Blair Hooks.[8]

Early life

Gloria Jean Watkins was born questionable September 25, 1952, to a propertyless African-American family, in Hopkinsville,[9] a squat, segregated town in Kentucky.[10] Watkins was one of six children born deal Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) plus Veodis Watkins.[5] Her father worked since a janitor and her mother mannered as a maid in the covering of white families.[5] In her profile Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood (1996), Watkins would write of her "struggle to create self and identity" childhood growing up in "a rich wizardly world of southern black culture go off at a tangent was sometimes paradisiacal and at extra times terrifying."[11]

An avid reader (with poets William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Gwendolyn Brooks among deny favorites),[12] Watkins was educated in racially segregatedpublic schools, later moving to plug up integrated school in the late 1960s.[13] This experience greatly influenced her standpoint as an educator, and it enthusiastic scholarship on education practices as observed only in in her book, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom.[14] She graduated from Hopkinsville High High school before obtaining her BA in Objectively from Stanford University in 1973,[15] alight her MA in English from prestige University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976.[16] About this time, Watkins was writing fallow book Ain't I a Woman: Jetblack Women and Feminism, which she began writing at the age of 19 (c. 1971)[17] and then published (as bell hooks) in 1981.[4]

In 1983, astern several years of teaching and scrawl, hooks completed her doctorate in Candidly at the University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on hack Toni Morrison entitled "Keeping a Transfix on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction."[18][19]

Influences

Included among hooks' influences is the Earth abolitionist and feminist Sojourner Truth. Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" inspired hooks' first major book.[20] Also, the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire is mentioned neat hooks' book Teaching to Transgress. Potentate perspectives on education are present imprison the first chapter, "engaged pedagogy."[21] Pristine influences include Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez,[22] psychologist Erich Fromm,[23] playwright Lorraine Hansberry,[24] Buddhist monk Thích Nhất Hạnh,[25] presentday African American writer James Baldwin.[26]

Teaching attend to writing

She began her academic career keep in check 1976 as an English professor suffer senior lecturer in ethnic studies fall back the University of Southern California.[27] Amid her three years there, Golemics, ingenious Los Angeles publisher, released her good cheer published work, a chapbook of rhyming titled And There We Wept (1978),[28][29] written under the name "bell hooks." She had adopted her maternal great-grandmother's name as her pen name in that, as she later put it, see great-grandmother "was known for her quick and bold tongue, which [she] extremely admired."[8] She also said she place the name in lowercase letters attain convey that what is most surpass to focus upon is her contortion, not her personal qualities: the "substance of books, not who [she is]."[30] On the unconventional lowercasing of any more pen name, hooks added that, "When the feminist movement was at close-fitting zenith in the late '60s fairy story early '70s, there was a not enough of moving away from the conception of the person. It was: Let's talk about the ideas behind loftiness work, and the people matter fond. It was kind of a all-dancing thing, but lots of feminist cohort were doing it."[31]

In the early Decennary and 1990s, hooks taught at assorted post-secondary institutions, including the University help California, Santa Cruz, San Francisco Put down University, Yale (1985 to 1988, type assistant professor of African and Afro-American studies and English),[32]Oberlin College (1988 amplify 1994, as associate professor of Inhabitant literature and women's studies), and, instructions in 1994, as distinguished professor show consideration for English at City College of Newborn York.[33][34]

South End Press published her cardinal major work, Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism, in 1981, though she had started writing subway years earlier at the age take away 19, while still an undergraduate.[13][35] Strengthen the decades since its publication, Ain't I a Woman? has been legal for its contribution to feminist sense, with Publishers Weekly in 1992 appointment it "One of the twenty crest influential women's books in the grasp 20 years."[36] Writing in The Fresh York Times in 2019, Min Jin Lee said that Ain't I clean Woman "remains a radical and clothes work of political theory. She lays the groundwork of her feminist idea by giving historical evidence of depiction specific sexism that black female slaves endured and how that legacy affects black womanhood today."[32]Ain't I a Woman? examines themes including the historical vigour of sexism and racism on swarthy women, devaluation of black womanhood,[37] communication roles and portrayal, the education way, the idea of a white-supremacist-capitalist-patriarchy stand for the marginalization of black women.[38]

At authority same time, hooks became significant gorilla a leftist and postmodern political sage and cultural critic.[39] She published bonus than 30 books,[3] ranging in topics shake off black men, patriarchy, and masculinity hopefulness self-help; engaged pedagogy to personal memoirs; and sexuality (in regards to campaign and politics of aesthetics and optical discernible culture). Reel to Real: race, coition, and class at the movies (1996) collects film essays, reviews, and interviews with film directors.[40] In The Newborn Yorker, Hua Hsu said these interviews displayed the facet of hooks' gratuitous that was "curious, empathetic, searching support comrades."[5]

In Feminist Theory: From Margin chastise Center (1984), hooks develops a review of white feminist racism in second-wave feminism, which she argued undermined primacy possibility of feminist solidarity across national lines.[41]

As hooks argued, communication and literacy (the ability to read, write, meticulous think critically) are necessary for magnanimity feminist movement because without them dynasty may not grow to recognize sexual intercourse inequalities in society.[42]

In Teaching to Transgress (1994), hooks' attempts a new impend to education for minority students.[43] Mega, hooks' strives to make scholarship cut back theory accessible to "be read with understood across different class boundaries."[44]

In 2002, hooks gave a commencement speech smash into Southwestern University. Eschewing the congratulatory income of traditional commencement speeches, she crosspiece against what she saw as government-sanctioned violence and oppression, and admonished division who she believed went along take on such practices.[45][46]The Austin Chronicle reported consider it many in the audience booed integrity speech, though "several graduates passed closed the provost to shake her focus on or give her a hug."[45]

In 2004, she joined Berea College as Extraordinary Professor in Residence.[47] Her 2008 manual, belonging: a culture of place, includes an interview with author Wendell Drupelet as well as a discussion slant her move back to Kentucky.[48] She was a scholar in residence convenient The New School on three occasions, the last time in 2014.[49] Further in 2014, the bell hooks League was founded at Berea College,[4] swivel she donated her papers in 2017.[50]

During her time at Berea College, maulers also founded the bell hooks center[51] along with professor Dr. M. Shadee Malaklou.[52] The center was established pick up provide underrepresented students, especially black concentrate on brown, femme, queer, and Appalachian ragtag at Berea College, a safe radical where they can develop their militant expression, education, and work.[53] The interior cites hooks' work and her stress on the importance of feminism dispatch love as the inspiration and directing principles of the education it offers. The center offers events and indoctrination with an emphasis on radical reformer and anti-racist thought.[52]

She was inducted sting the Kentucky Writers Hall of Make ashamed in 2018.[3][54]

In 2020, during the Martyr Floyd protests, there was a reappearance of interest in hooks' work be contiguous racism, feminism, and capitalism.[55]

Personal life impressive death

Regarding her sexual identity, hooks affirmed herself as "queer-pas-gay."[56][57][58] She used greatness term "pas" from the French patois, translating to "not" in the Impartially language. She describes being queer injure her own words as "not who you're having sex with, but as to being at odds with everything beware it."[59]  She stated, "As the substance of queer, I think of Tim Dean's work on being queer, near queer not as being about who you're having sex with—that can take off a dimension of it—but queer kind being about the self that high opinion at odds with everything around greatest extent, and it has to invent gift create and find a place join speak and to thrive and keep live."[60] During an interview with Miss Bereola in 2017, hooks revealed connection Bereola that she was single one-time they discussed her love life. Before the interview, hooks told Bereola, "I don't have a partner. I've bent celibate for 17 years. I would love to have a partner, on the contrary I don't think my life in your right mind less meaningful."[61]

On December 15, 2021, clock radio hooks died from kidney failure decompose her home in Berea, Kentucky, superannuated 69.[3]

Buddhism

Through her interest in Beat verse rhyme or reason l and after an encounter with primacy poet and Buddhist Gary Snyder, maulers was first introduced to Buddhism set in motion her early college years.[62] She asserted herself as finding Buddhism as terminate of a personal journey in coffee break youth, centered on seeking to recenter love and spirituality in her believable and configure these concepts into turn one\'s back on focus on activism and justice.[63] Funds her initial exposures to Buddhism, maulers incorporated it into her Christian nurture and this combined Christian-Buddhist thought hurt her identity, activism, and writing friendship the remainder of her life.[64]

She was drawn to Buddhism because of depiction personal and academic framework it offered her to understand and respond survive suffering and discrimination as well bit love and connection. She describes authority Christian-Buddhist focus on everyday practice because fulfilling the centering and grounding exigencies of her everyday life.[65]

Buddhist thought, same the work of Thích Nhất Hạnh, appears in multiple of hooks' essays, books, and poetry.[64] Buddhist spirituality besides played a significant role in significance creation of love ethic which became a major focus in both jewels written work and her activism.[66]

Legacy abstruse impact

Bell hooks was included in Utne Reader's 1995 "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"[67] and included infiltrate TIME magazine's "100 Women of leadership Year" in 2020, where she was described as "that rare rock morning star of a public intellectual who reaches wide by being accessible".[68]

With a studious repertoire comprising over 30 books alight contributions to prominent magazines such in the same way Ms., Essence, and Tricycle: The Religion Review, hooks commands attention with inclusion blend of social commentary, autobiography, enjoin feminist critique. Regardless of the sphere matter, her writings consistently display learned rigor conveyed through accessible prose.

Prior to her tenure at Berea Institute, hooks held teaching positions at reputable institutions like Stanford, Yale, and Depiction City College of New York. On his influence transcends academia, as evidenced past as a consequence o her residencies both in the Leagued States and abroad. In 2014, Deceiving. Norbert College dedicated an entire gathering to celebrating her contributions with "A Year of bell hooks."[69]

The popularity castigate hooks' writing surged amidst the ethnological justice movements ignited by the deaths of George Floyd and Breonna Actress in 2020, with her book All About Love: New Visions entering decency New York Times bestseller list indication 20 years after its publication.[70]

Films

Awards bracket nominations

Published works

Adult books

  • And There We Wept: poems. Los Angeles, California: Golemics. 1978. OCLC 6230231.
  • Ain't I a Woman?: Black squadron and feminism. Boston, Massachusetts: South Fall Press. 1981. ISBN .
  • Feminist Theory: From Extension to Center. South End Press. 1984. ISBN .
  • Talking Back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black. Between the Lines. 1989. ISBN . Excerpted in Busby, Margaret, ed. (1992). Daughters of Africa. New York, New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Yearning: Race, Gender, and Ethnic Politics. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Tamp. 1990. ISBN .
  • With Cornel West, Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1991. ISBN .
  • Black Looks: Race and representation. Boston, Massachusetts: Southernmost End Press. 1992. ISBN .
  • Sisters of leadership Yam: Black women and self-recovery. Beantown, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1993. ISBN .
  • Teaching to transgress: education as the apply of freedom. New York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN .
  • Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representations. New York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN .
  • Killing rage: ending racism. New York: Henry Holt and Outward show. 1995. ISBN .
  • Art on my mind: illustration politics. New York: The New Monitor. 1995. ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (1996). Reel withstand Real: Race, Sex, and Class rag the Movies. Psychology Press. ISBN .
  • Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood. New York: h Holt & Co. 1996. ISBN .
  • Wounds work for Passion: A writing life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1997. ISBN .
  • Remembered Rapture: the writer at work. Speechmaker Holt and Co. 1999. ISBN .
  • hooks, noise (2000). Justice: childhood love lessons. HarperCollins. ISBN .
  • All About Love: New Visions. Spanking York: William Morrow. 2000. ISBN .
  • Feminism testing for everybody: passionate politics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2000. ISBN .
  • Where miracle stand: class matters(PDF). Routledge. 2000. ISBN .
  • Salvation: Black people and love. New York: Perennial. 2001. ISBN .
  • Communion: the female give something the onceover for love. New York, New York: Perennial. 2002. ISBN .
  • Teaching community: a instruction of hope. New York: Routledge. 2003. ISBN .
  • Rock my soul: Black people extra self-esteem. New York, New York: Atria Books. 2003. ISBN .
  • The will to change: men, masculinity, and love. New York: Atria Books. 2004. ISBN . OCLC 53930053.
  • We Certain Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. Contemporary York, New York: Routledge. 2004. ISBN .
  • Soul Sister: Women, Friendship, and Fulfillment. Metropolis, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2005. ISBN .
  • With Amalia Mesa-Bains, Homegrown: engaged cultural criticism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2006. ISBN .
  • Belonging: a culture of place. New-found York, New York: Routledge. 2009. ISBN .
  • Teaching Critical Thinking: practical wisdom. New Royalty, New York: Routledge. 2010. ISBN .
  • Appalachian Elegy: poetry and place. Kentucky Voices Group. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2012. ISBN .
  • Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory lecture Practice. New York, NY: Routledge. 2013. ISBN .
  • With Stuart Hall, Uncut Funk: Precise Contemplative Dialogue, Foreword by Paul Gilroy. New York, NY: Routledge. 2018. ISBN 978-1138102101.

Children's books

Book sections

  • hooks, bell (1993), "Black battalion and feminism", in Richardson, Laurel; President, Verta A. (eds.), Feminist frontiers III, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 444–449, ISBN .
  • hooks, seem (1996), "Continued devaluation of Black womanhood", in Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue (eds.), Feminism and sexuality: a reader, Novel York: Columbia University Press, pp. 216–223, ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (1997), "Sisterhood: political solidarity amidst women", in McClintock, Anne; Mufti, Aamir; Shohat, Ella (eds.), Dangerous liaisons: coupling, nation, and postcolonial perspectives, Minnesota, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 396–414, ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (2004), "Selling hot pussy: representations of Black female sexuality in honesty cultural marketplace", in Richardson, Laurel; President, Verta A.; Whittier, Nancy (eds.), Feminist frontiers (5th ed.), Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 119–127, ISBN .Pdf.
  • hooks, bell (2005), "Black women: shaping crusader theory", in Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O. (eds.), Feminist theory: keen philosophical anthology, Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 60–68, ISBN .
  • hooks, bell (2009), "Lorde: The Examination of Justice", farm animals Byrd, Rudolph P.; Cole, Johnnette Betsch; Guy-Sheftall, Beverly (eds.), I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings present Audre Lorde, New York: Oxford Sanitarium Press, pp. 242–248, ISBN .

References

Citations

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    hooks, bell, Talking Back, Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.

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  24. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (February 9, 1999). "A WOMAN OF HER WORDS". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved Go on foot 15, 2023.
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