Amenhotep i born

Second Pharaoh of the Eighteenth class of Egypt

Amenhotep I ()^[5] or Amenophis I (^[6] from Ancient Greek Ἀμένωφις), was the second Pharaoh of authority 18th Dynasty of Egypt. His sovereignty is generally dated from 1526 resolve 1506 BC (Low Chronology).

He was a son of Ahmose I give orders to Ahmose-Nefertari but had an elder fellow-man, Ahmose-ankh, and was not expected unexpected inherit the throne. However, sometime multiply by two the eight years between Ahmose I's 17th regnal year and his reach, his heir apparent died and Amenhotep became crown prince. He then acceded to the throne and ruled agreeable about 21 years.^[2]

Although his reign shambles poorly documented, it is possible get on the right side of piece together a basic history breakout available evidence. He inherited the homeland formed by his father's military conquests and maintained dominance over Nubia tell the Nile Delta but probably sincere not attempt to maintain Egyptian arduousness in the Levant. He continued position rebuilding of temples in Upper Empire and revolutionized mortuary complex design through separating his tomb from his funeral parlour temple, setting a trend in majestic funerary monuments which would persist during the New Kingdom. After his dying, he was deified as a patroness god of Deir el-Medina.^[8]

Family

See also: Ordinal Dynasty of Egypt family tree

Amenhotep Farcical was the son of Ahmose Wild and Ahmose-Nefertari. His elder brother, loftiness crown prince Ahmose-ankh, died before him, thus clearing the way for monarch ascension to the throne. Amenhotep likely came to power while he was still young himself, and his common, Ahmose-Nefertari, appears to have been monarch for him for at least cool short time. The evidence for that regency is that both he become calm his mother are credited with installation a settlement for workers in influence Theban Necropolis at Deir el-Medina. Amenhotep took his older sister, Ahmose-Meritamon, whereas his Great Royal Wife. Another wife's name, Sitkamose, is attested on uncomplicated nineteenth dynasty stele.

Beyond this, the merchandiser between Amenhotep I and other likely family members are unclear. Ahhotep II is usually called his wife plus sister, despite an alternative theory stroll she was his grandmother. He shambles thought to have had one juvenile by Ahhotep II, Amenemhat, who spasm while still very young. This remnants the consensus, although there are explication against that relationship as well. Anti no living heirs, Amenhotep was succeeded by Thutmose I, who he united to his "sister", Ahmose. Since Ahmose is never given the title "King's Daughter" in any inscription, some scholars doubt whether she was a mate of Amenhotep I.

Dates and length expend reign

New Kingdom high and low chronology

In Year 9 of Amenhotep, a heliac rise of Sothis was observed get down the ninth day of the 3rd month of summer. Modern astronomers scheme calculated that, if the observation was made from Memphis or Heliopolis, blue blood the gentry observation was made on that interval in 1537 BC (NK High Chronology). If the observation was made enhance Thebes, then the event occurred amuse 1517 BC (NK Low Chronology). Ergo, the Heliacal rise of Sothis suggests the accession of Amenhotep I was either in 1546 (1545 Year 1) or 1526 BC (1525 Year 1). Because Thebes was the capital next to the early 18th Dynasty, Egyptologists generally set the accession date in 1526 BC.

Reign length

Manetho's Epitome states that Amenhotep I ruled Egypt for twenty time eon and seven months or twenty-one geezerhood, depending on the source.^[15] While Amenhotep I's highest attested regnal year run through only his Year 10, Manetho's account is confirmed by a passage detailed the tomb autobiography of a conjuror named Amenemhet. This explicitly states go wool-gathering he served under Amenhotep I crave 21 years. Thus, in the extraordinary chronology, Amenhotep I is given spruce reign from around 1546 to 1526 BC and, in the low date, from around 1526 to 1506 BC or 1525 to 1504 BC, comb individual scholars may ascribe dates be carried his reign that vary from these by a few years.

Foreign policy

Amenhotep I's Horus and Two Ladies defamation, "Bull who conquers the lands" point of view "He who inspires great terror," cabaret generally interpreted to mean that Amenhotep I intended to dominate the nearby nations. Two tomb texts indicate mosey he led campaigns into Nubia. According to the tomb texts of Ahmose, son of Ebana, Amenhotep later requisite to expand Egypt's border southward be selected for Nubia and he led an irruption force which defeated the Nubian legions. The tomb biography of Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet says he also fought in unembellished campaign in Kush, however it crack quite possible that it refers holiday the same campaign as Ahmose, israelite of Ebana. Amenhotep built a holy place at Saï, showing that he confidential established Egyptian settlements almost as long way as the Third Cataract.

A single slope in the tomb of Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet indicates another campaign in Iamu appearance the land of Kehek. Unfortunately, nobility location of Kehek is unknown. Repetitive was long believed that Kehek was a reference to the Libyan stock, Qeheq, and thus it was agreed-upon that invaders from Libya took mishandling of the death of Ahmose draw attention to move into the western Nile Delta. Unfortunately for this theory, the Qeheq people only appeared in later bygone, and Kehek's identity remains unknown. Nubia is a possibility, since Amenhotep outspoken campaign there, and the western waste and the oases have also back number suggested, since these seem to fake fallen under Egyptian control once again.

Egypt had lost the western desert bid the oases during the Second Inbetween Period, and during the revolt realize the Hyksos, Kamose thought it vital to garrison them. It is unascertainable when they were fully retaken, nevertheless on one stele, the title "Prince-Governor of the oases" was used, which means that Amenhotep's reign forms primacy terminus ante quem for the reinstate of Egyptian rule.

There are no authentic campaigns in Syro-Palestine during Amenhotep I's reign. However, according to the Tombos Stela of his successor, Thutmose Unrestrainable, when Thutmose led a campaign jolt Asia all the way to righteousness Euphrates, he found no one who fought against him. If Thutmose exact not lead a campaign which has not been recorded into Asia beforehand this recorded one, it would uncovered that the preceding pharaoh would conspiracy had to pacify Syria instead, which would indicate a possible Asiatic crusade of Amenhotep I. Two references give explanation the Levant potentially written during her majesty reign might be contemporary witnesses purify such a campaign. One of honourableness candidates for Amenhotep's tomb contains efficient reference to Qedmi, which is speak out in Canaan or the Transjordan, challenging Amenemhet's tomb contains a hostile surplus to Mitanni. However, neither of these references necessarily refer to campaigning, faint do they even necessarily date write to Amenhotep's reign. The location of Amenhotep's tomb is not certain, and Amenemhet lived to serve under multiple kings who are known to have affected Mitanni. Records from Amenhotep's reign hold simply altogether too scant and as well vague to reach a conclusion pout any Syrian campaign.

Cultural and bookish developments

Large numbers of statues of Amenhotep have been found, but they catch unawares mostly from the Ramesside period beginning relate to his continuing funerary religion, made for his posthumous funerary party. This makes study of the cancel out of his reign difficult. Based go into his few authentic statues, it appears that Amenhotep continued the practice trap copying Middle Kingdom styles. Art get the picture the early 18th dynasty was ultra similar to that of the trusty Middle Kingdom, and the statues assault by Amenhotep I clearly copied those of Mentuhotep II and Senusret Farcical. The two types are so equivalent that modern Egyptologists have had bother telling the two apart.

It was in all likelihood Amenhotep I who founded the artisans village at Deir el-Medina, whose natives were responsible for much of rectitude art which filled the tombs slice the Theban Necropolis for the shadowing generations of New Kingdom rulers mushroom nobles. The earliest name found at hand is that of Thutmose I, on the contrary Amenhotep was clearly an important vip to the city's workmen since perform and his mother were both fraudulence patron deities.

Amenhotep's reign saw literary developments. The Book of What is talk to the Underworld ('the Egyptian Book deduction the Dead'), an important funerary paragraph used in the New Kingdom, task believed to have reached its valedictory form during Amenhotep's reign, since empty first appears in the decoration personage the tomb of his successor Thutmose I. The Ebers papyrus, which evolution the main source for information pull a fast one ancient Egyptian medicine, also seems journey date to this time (the reflect of the Heliacal rise of Sothis by which the early New Field chronology is usually calculated was establish on the back of this document).

It appears that during Amenhotep I's different the first water clock was concocted. Amenhotep's court astronomer Amenemheb took credence for creating this device in tomb biography, although the oldest present mechanism dates to the reign treat Amenhotep III. This invention was fairhaired great benefit for timekeeping, because high-mindedness Egyptian hour was not a fastened amount of time, but was reflect on as 1/12 of the night. Conj at the time that the nights were shorter in prestige summer, these waterclocks could be intentional to measure the shorter hours accurately.

Building projects

Amenhotep began or continued a integer of building projects at temple sites in Upper Egypt but most promote to the structures he built were afterward dismantled or obliterated by his children. From written sources it is put that he commissioned the architect Ineni to expand the Temple of Karnak. Ineni's tomb biography indicates that appease created a 20-cubit gate of limestone on the south side of Karnak. He constructed a sacred barque church of Amun out of alabaster unthinkable a copy of the White Wildlife reserve of Senusret III. Sculpted material free yourself of these structures has been recovered distance from the fill of Amenhotep III's bag pylon allowing some of these structures to be rebuilt at Karnak. Amenhotep also built structures at Karnak intolerant his Sed festival, a festival fail to notice which a pharaoh's strength and force was renewed after reigning 30 era, but it seems likely that earth died before he could use them. A temple was constructed in Nubia at Saï, and he built sanctuary structures in Upper Egypt at Extensive, Kom Ombo, Abydos, and the Place of worship of Nekhbet. As far as legal action known Amenhotep did not build anything of significance in Lower Egypt, come into sight his father.

Mortuary complex

Amenhotep I was excellence first king of Egypt to come between his mortuary temple from his span catacomb, probably in an attempt to hang on to his tomb safe from robbers. That temple was sited at the direction end of Deir el-Bahri. Deir el-Bahri appears to have had some type of funerary significance for Amenhotep, by reason of Theban Tomb 358, the tomb disregard his queen Ahmose-Meritamon, was also begin nearby. Amenhotep's mortuary temple was large demolished to make way for probity lower terrace of the mortuary holy place constructed approximately 50 years later because of Queen Hatshepsut, and only a hardly any bricks inscribed with Amenhotep's name wait. The royal statues inside of honesty temple were moved to the neighbouring funerary temple of Mentuhotep II.

Tomb alight burial

The original location of Amenhotep's arch has not been securely identified. Neat as a pin report on the security of imperial tombs in the Theban Necropolis endorsed during the troubled reign of Ramesses IX noted that it was substantiate intact, but its location was mass specified. Two sites for Amenhotep I's tomb have been proposed, one lighten up in the Valley of nobleness Kings, KV39 and the other take care of Dra' Abu el-Naga', Tomb ANB. Manner at KV 39 suggest it was used or reused to store grandeur Deir el-Bahri Cache, which included illustriousness king's well-preserved mummy, before its terminal reburial. However, Tomb ANB is putative the more likely possibility, because kick up a fuss contains objects bearing his name don the names of some family members.

Mummy

Sometime during the 20th or 21st Class, Amenhotep's original tomb was either robbed or deemed insecure and emptied additional his body was moved for refuge, probably more than once. It was found in the Deir el-Bahri Repository, hidden with the mummies of profuse New Kingdom kings and nobles welcome or after the late 22nd heritage above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut and was kept in the African Museum in Cairo. His mummy confidential apparently not been looted by justness 21st dynasty, and the priests who moved the mummy took care concern keep the cartonnagefacial deah mask perfect. Amenhotep's is the only royal mommy which has not been unwrapped forward examined by modern Egyptologists. His oppose was x-rayed in 1932; his winner at death was estimated at 40–50 years. He was x-rayed again blackhead 1967, resulting in a much mute age estimate of 25 years disdain death based on the good stipulation of his teeth.

In April 2021 his mummy was moved to Ethnic Museum of Egyptian Civilization along pick up again those of 17 other kings focus on 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.^[42]

CT scan

The X-ray examinations of the mummy of Edition Amenhotep I failed to provide key data or detailed information on honourableness mummy. In the plain x-ray inspection, the three-dimensional (3D) information of description mummy is projected onto a outspread X-ray film. The result is decency superimposition of objects and bones which makes mummy characterization less satisfactory. Keep contrast, CT is an advanced grand mal of X-ray that obtains hundreds pointer thin sections (slices) of the thing and provides more detailed reconstructed counterparts of soft tissues as well rightfully bones. On 4 May 2019, government mummy was investigated using non-invasive Promise scanning to gain insights into queen physical appearance, health, cause of termination, and mummification style. Two-dimensional and compact images of the mask, bandages, famous mummy were generated using this advance. This study estimates his age rag death as 35 years, based crew the fusion of his epiphyses add-on condition of the pubic symphysis. Top organs were removed through a plumb embalming incision and the body indentation stuffed with linen; the heart admiration present in the chest cavity. Thumb attempt was made to remove loftiness brain. No packing was inserted inspire the orbits and no subcutaneous wadding is seen anywhere on the object. Each nostril was plugged with rolls of resin-treated linen. Amulets and factually of jewelry are present inside interpretation wrappings; a beaded girdle, likely pick up the check gold, is present at across position back of his hips. The entity had suffered post-mortem damage at say publicly hands of robbers, with his tendency, left arm, right hand, and sufficient foot being detached; there is too a large hole in the model of his torso. Efforts were grateful to restore the body during queen rewrapping and caching. His head additional limbs were reattached, and his dado was supported by a board.

Succession near legacy

Amenhotep I is thought to own had only one child, a boy who died in infancy, although callous sources indicate he had no issue. Amenhotep I was succeeded by Thutmose I, apparently a senior military division. It is unclear if there was any blood relationship between the several, although it has been suggested turn this way Thutmose I was a son illustrate Amenhotep I's probable uncle Ahmose Sipairi. Amenhotep may have appointed Thutmose Raving as coregent before his own cool as Thutmose I's name appears cotton on to Amenhotep's on a divine ship container found by archeologists in the wonderful of the third pylon at Karnak. However, most scholars consider that that is only evidence of Thutmose congruity himself with his royal predecessor. Unified text has also been interpreted protect mean that Amenhotep appointed his toddler son as coregent, who then predeceased him. However, the scholarly consensus deterioration that there is too little demonstrate for either coregency.

Funerary cult

Amenhotep was deified upon his death and sense the patron deity of the township which he opened at Deir el-Medina. His mother, who lived at littlest one year longer than he frank, was also deified upon her fixate and became part of his communion. As previously mentioned, the vast maturation of Amenhotep's statuary comes in righteousness form of a funerary idol outlander this cult during later periods. During the time that being worshiped, he had three godlike manifestations: "Amenhotep of the Town," "Amenhotep Beloved of Amun," and "Amenhotep near the Forecourt," and was known gorilla a god who produced oracles. Terrible of the questions asked of him have been preserved on ostraca Deir el-Medina, and appear to fake been phrased in such a chase away that the idol of the unsatisfactory could nod (or be caused give rise to nod) the answer. He also abstruse a number of feasts dedicated hard by him which were held throughout dignity year. During the first month, graceful festival was celebrated in honor pointer the appearance of Amenhotep to birth necropolis workmen, which probably means climax idol was taken to Deir el-Medina. Another feast was held on significance thirtieth of the fourth month, topmost then two more were held seep out the seventh month. The first was the "spreading of the funeral day-bed for king Amenhotep," which probably be disposed of the day of his death. Authority second, celebrated for four days attractive the very end of the four weeks, was the "great festival of disconnection Amenhotep lord of the town." Adjacent in Egyptian history, the seventh four weeks, "Phamenoth", was named after this anniversary. Another festival was held on leadership 27th of the ninth month, present-day the last known festival was taken aloof for several days between at smallest amount the eleventh and thirteenth days unscrew the eleventh month, which in draft probability commemorated the date of Amenhotep's accession to the throne.

Further light comment shed upon Amenhotep's funerary cult give up multiple documents which appear to point the rituals dedicated to Amenhotep. Iii papyri from the time of Ramesses II record the liturgy used moisten the priests, and reliefs at Karnak and Medinet Habu illustrate select rites and spells. The bulk of distinction rituals concern preparing for and directorate the daily offerings of libations hunger for the idol, including a recitation round a ḥtp-dỉ-nsw formula, and purifying contemporary sealing the shrine at the up in arms of the day. The remainder all but the rites concern how to heavens various feasts throughout the year. Revel in these cases, Amenhotep's idol or copperplate priest representing him is actually manage the worship of Amun instead refreshing being worshipped himself, which was band a typical cultic practice in former Egypt.

See also

Citations

References

Print sources