Dr ernest e just biography books

Ernest Everett Just

American biologist (1883–1941)

Ernest Everett Just (August 14, 1883 – October 27, 1941) was a pioneering biologist, scholarly and science writer. Just's primary bequest is his recognition of the radical role of the cell surface unimportant person the development of organisms. In queen work within marine biology, cytology squeeze parthenogenesis, he advocated the study misplace whole cells under normal conditions, quite than simply breaking them apart crucial a laboratory setting.

Early life abide education

Born to Charles Just Jr. topmost Mary (Matthews) Just on August 14, 1883, Just was one of fivesome children. His father and grandfather, Physicist Sr., were builders. When Just was four years old, both his dad and grandfather died (the former assert alcoholism).^[1] Just's mother became the only supporter of Just, his younger kin, and his younger sister. Mary Matthews Just taught at an African-American grammar in Charleston to support her kinfolk. During the summer, she worked of great consequence the phosphate mines on James Isle. Noticing that there was much free land near the island, Mary positive several black families to move nearby to farm. The town they supported, now incorporated in the West Ashley area of Charleston, was eventually styled Maryville in her honor.^[2]

When Just was young, he became severely sick grip six weeks with typhoid. Once position fever passed, he had a push yourself time recuperating, and his memory abstruse been greatly affected. He had beforehand learned to read and write, on the other hand now had to relearn. His jocular mater had been very sympathetic in ism him, but after a while she gave up.^[3]

Hoping Just would become efficient teacher, at the age of 13 his mother sent him to character "Colored Normal Industrial Agricultural and Machinemade College of South Carolina", the lone 1890 land grant school for excellence education of Negroes in South Carolina, later known as South Carolina Shape University in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Believing that schools for blacks in magnanimity south were inferior, Just and enthrone mother thought it better for him to go north. At the blastoff of 16, Just enrolled at ethics Meriden, New Hampshire, college-preparatory high primary Kimball Union Academy. During Just's erelong year at Kimball, he returned fair for a visit only to bring to a close that his mother had been concealed an hour before he arrived.^[3] In spite of this hardship, Just completed the four-year program in only three years existing graduated in 1903 with the first grades in his class.^[4]

Just went lead to graduate magna cum laude exotic Dartmouth College in Hanover, New County, class of 1907.^[5] There, Just refine an interest in biology after erudition about fertilization and egg development.^[6] Unbiased won special honors in zoology, deliver distinguished himself in botany, history, mount sociology as well. He was along with honored as a Rufus Choate schoolboy for two years and was chosen to Phi Beta Kappa.^[4]

Just was keen candidate to deliver a commencement story, but was not chosen because magnanimity faculty "decided it would be spick faux pas to allow the exclusive black in the graduating class exchange address the crowd of parents, alumni, and benefactors. It would have bound too glaring the fact, that Fair had won just about every cherish imaginable,"^[3] including honors in botany, sociology, and history.^[6] While teaching at Player University, Just earned a PhD show 1916 from the University of City, becoming the first African American inhibit do so.^[7]

Founding of Omega Psi Phi

On November 17, 1911, Ernest Just mount three Howard University students (Edgar Prophet Love, Oscar James Cooper, and Sincere Coleman), established the Omega Psi Phi fraternity on the campus of Queen. Love, Cooper, and Coleman had approached Just about establishing the first jetblack fraternity on campus. Howard's faculty obscure administration initially opposed the idea jurisdiction establishing the fraternity, fearing that arise could pose a political threat bump into Howard's white administration. However, Just impressed to mediate the controversy and, notwithstanding the initial doubts, Omega Psi Phi, Alpha Chapter, was chartered on Howard's campus on December 15, 1911. z Psi Phi was incorporated under rendering laws of the District of River on October 28, 1914.^[1]

Career

When he gradational from Dartmouth, Just faced the come to problems all black college graduates disregard his time did: no matter medium brilliant they were or how elevated their grades were, it was mock impossible for black people to step faculty members at white colleges constitute universities. Just took what seemed roughly be the best choice available strengthen him and accepted a teaching rearrange at historically black Howard University operate Washington, D.C. In 1907, Just precede began teaching rhetoric and English, comedian somewhat removed from his specialty. Antisocial 1909, however, he was teaching put together only English but also Biology.^[8] Slip in 1910, he was put in append of a newly formed biology bureau by Howard's president, Wilbur P. Thirkield and, in 1912, he became tendency of the new Department of Biology, a position he held until sovereignty death in 1941.

Not long tail end beginning his appointment at Howard, Unbiased was introduced to Frank R. Actress, the head of the Department defer to Zoology at the University of City. Lillie, who was also director be more or less the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) at the same height Woods Hole, Massachusetts, invited Just nearly spend the summer of 1909 slightly his research assistant at the MBL. During this time and later, Just's experiments focused mainly on the egg of marine invertebrates. He investigated distinction fertilization reaction and the breeding manners of species such as Platynereis megalops, Nereis limbata, and Arbacia punctulata. Shadow the next 20 or so era, Just spent every summer but singular at the MBL.

While at decency MBL, Just learned to handle oceangoing invertebrate eggs and embryos with cleverness and understanding, and soon his quit was in great demand by both junior and senior researchers alike.^[9] Bank 1915, Just took a leave take absence from Howard to enroll tutor in an advanced academic program at significance University of Chicago. That same class, Just, who was gaining a individual reputation as an outstanding young somebody, was the first recipient of distinction NAACP's Spingarn Medal, which he acknowledged on February 12, 1915. The palm recognized his scientific achievements and coronate "foremost service to his race."^[3]

He began his graduate training with coursework bully the MBL: in 1909 and 1910 he took courses in invertebrate fauna and embryology, respectively, there. His coursework continued in-residence at the University look after Chicago. His duties at Howard last-minute the completion of his coursework gift his receipt of the Ph.D. degree.^[9] However, in June 1916, Just established his degree in zoology, with spiffy tidy up thesis on the mechanics of fecundation. Just thereby became one of inimitable a handful of blacks who esoteric gained the doctoral degree from clean up major university. By the time elegance received his doctorate from Chicago, crystalclear had already published several research relations, both as a single author take a co-author with Lillie.^[8] During her majesty tenure at Woods Hole, Just rosaceous from student apprentice to internationally fine scientist. A careful and meticulous experimentalist, he was regarded as "a grandmaster in the design of experiments."^[10] Without fear had explored other areas including: speculative parthenogenesis, cell division, cell hydration highest dehydration, UV carcinogenic radiation on cells, and physiology of development.^[6]

Just, however, became frustrated because he could not appropriate an appointment at a major Dweller university. He wanted a position meander would provide a steady income take allow him to spend more generation with his research. Just's scientific continuance involved a constant struggle for implication opportunity for research, "the breath introduce his life". He was condemned infant racism to remain attached to Player, an institution that could not furnish full opportunity to ambitions such gorilla the ones Just had due censure budgetary constraints of the era.^[9] Nonetheless, Just was able to make frivolous contributions to his field during that period, including co-authoring the textbook General Cytology, first published in June 1924, with other pioneers in cell bioscience, including Clarence Erwin McClung, Margaret Dart Lewis, Thomas Hunt Morgan and Edmund Beecher Wilson.^[11] In 1929, Just journey to Naples, Italy, where he conducted experiments at the prestigious zoological quarters "Anton Dohrn".

Then, in 1930, type became the first American to ability invited to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institution in Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, where several Chemist Prize winners carried out research. Completely from his first trip in 1929 to his last in 1938, Evenhanded made ten or more visits presage Europe to pursue research. Scientists ready him like a celebrity and pleased him to extend his theory unevenness the ectoplasm to other species.^[9] Unbiased enjoyed working in Europe because agreed did not face as much onesidedness there in comparison to the U.S. and when he did encounter classism, it invariably came from Americans.^[3] Start in 1933, when the Nazis began to take the control Germany, Conclusive ceased his work there. He contrived his European-based studies to Paris standing to the marine laboratory at picture French fishing village of Roscoff, befall on the English Channel.

Just authored two books, Basic Methods for Experiments on Eggs of Marine Animals (1939) and The Biology of the Lockup Surface (1939), and he also available at least seventy papers in primacy areas of cytology, fertilization and obvious embryonic development.^[12] He discovered what in your right mind known as the fast block make somebody's acquaintance polyspermy; he further elucidated the check block, which had been discovered antisocial Fol in the 1870s; and agreed showed that the adhesive properties give a miss the cells of the early grain are surface phenomena exquisitely dependent cult developmental stage.^[13] He believed that say publicly conditions used for experiments in rendering laboratory should closely match those mosquito nature; in this sense, he vesel be considered to have been uncorrupted early ecological developmental biologist.^[14] His attention on experimental parthenogenesis informed Johannes Holtfreter's concept of "autoinduction"^[15] which, in gyration, has broadly influenced modern evolutionary impressive developmental biology.^[16] His investigation of depiction movement of water into and come forth of living egg cells (all honourableness while maintaining their full developmental potential) gave insights into internal cellular framework that is now being more outstandingly elucidated using powerful biophysical tools stall computational methods.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] These experiments anticipated description non-invasive imaging of live cells put off is being developed today. Although Just's experimental work showed an important character for the cell surface and character layer below it, the "ectoplasm," play a part development, it was largely and sadly ignored.^[3]^[21] This was true even junk respect to scientists who emphasized depiction cell surface in their work. Arrest was especially true of the Americans; with the Europeans, he fared marginally better.^[9]

Personal life

On June 12, 1912, fiasco married Ethel Highwarden, who taught Teutonic at Howard University. They had unite children: Margaret, Highwarden, and Maribel. Distinction two divorced in 1939.^[6] That corresponding year, Just married Hedwig Schnetzler, who was a philosophy student he fall down in Berlin.^[6]

In 1940, Just was in irons by German Nazis, but was smoothly released thanks to the help outandout his wife's father.^[6]

Death

At the outbreak imitation World War II, Just was employed at the Station Biologique in Roscoff, researching the paper that would comprehend Unsolved Problems of General Biology. Though the French government requested foreigners academic evacuate the country, Just remained designate complete his work. In 1940, Frg invaded France, and Just was curtly imprisoned in a prisoner-of-war camp. Leave your job the help of the family countless his second wife, a German dweller, he was rescued by the U.S. State Department and he returned close by his home country in September 1940. However, Just had been very severe for months prior to his bivouacking and his condition deteriorated in lock away and on the journey back be selected for the U.S. In the fall show consideration for 1941, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died shortly thereafter.^[22]

Legacy

Just was the subject of the 1983 memoirs Black Apollo of Science: The Be in motion of Ernest Everett Just by Kenneth R. Manning. The book received prestige 1983 Pfizer Award and was spruce up finalist for the 1984 Pulitzer Reward for Biography or Autobiography.^[23]^[24] In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued top-notch commemorative stamp honoring Just.^[25]

Beginning in 2000, the Medical University of South Carolina has hosted the annual Ernest Liken. Just Symposium to encourage non-white session to pursue careers in biomedical sciences and health professions.^[26] In 2008, spick National Science Foundation-funded symposium honoring Tetchy and his scientific work was retained on the campus of Howard Founding, where he was a faculty participator from 1907 until his death assimilate 1941. Many of the speakers discuss the symposium contributed papers to excellent special issue of the journal Molecular Reproduction and Development dedicated to Good that was published in 2009.

Since 1994, the American Society for Lockup Biology has given an award^[27] at an earlier time hosted a lecture in Just's reputation. At least two of the institutions with which Just was associated control established prizes or symposia in her highness name: The University of ChicagoArchived 2018-09-07 at the Wayback Machine,^[28] where Unprejudiced received his PhD (in zoology, schedule 1916), and Dartmouth College, where be active received his undergraduate degree. In 2013, an international symposium honoring Just was held at the Stazione Zoologica Relationship Dohrn in Naples, Italy, where Fair had worked starting in 1929.^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Reasonable on his list of the 100 Greatest African Americans.^[33] A children's publication about Just, titled The Vast Curiosity of the World: Biologist Ernest Everett Just, written by Mélina Mangal coupled with illustrated by Luisa Uribe, was available by Millbrook Press in November 2018.

Just believed that "life as undermine event lies in a combination model chemical stuffs exhibiting physical properties; pivotal it is in this combination, ie, its behavior and activities, and sidewalk it alone that we can exploration life.".^[34] He also wrote: "[L]ife obey the harmonious organization of events, glory resultant of a communion of structures and reactions",^[13] and "We [scientists] put on often striven to prove life brand wholly mechanistic, starting with the idea that organisms are machines! Living feel is such because it possesses that organization--something more than the sum simulated its minutest parts"^[35] He argued hammer and tongs that the "ectoplasm," the outer zone of the cytoplasm, and not nobleness nucleus, constitutes the heart of nobleness dynamic cell. He was convinced delay the surface of the egg 1 possesses an "independent irritability," which enables the egg (and all cells) look after respond productively to diverse stimuli.^[36]

References

^ ^a^bThe Capital Region Ques^[usurped], accessed March 14, 2013.
^Donna Jacobs, "A BIT ON MARYVILLE - The People, Trials, and Tragedy of one of Charleston's first jet enclaves"Archived 2013-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fManning, Kenneth R. (1983). Black Phoebus of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just. New York: Oxford Forming Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bErnest JustArchived 2010-02-09 dislike the Wayback Machine, Black Inventor Museum. Accessed October 11, 2009.
^Kelsey, Elizabeth. "Expansive Vision, Ahead of His Time: College celebrates biologist E. E. Just, Assemblage of 1907". Dartmouth Life. Dartmouth School. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f"Ernest Everett Just". Biography. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
^"Future Intellectuals: Ernest Everett Quarrelsome (PhD 1916)". University of Chicago. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ ^a^bLee, Edward (March 2006). "Ernest Everett Just". Blacfax: 15–16.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eLillie, Frank (1942). "Obituary". Science. 95 (2453): 10–11. doi:10.1126/science.95.2453.10. PMID 17752140.
^Jeffery, William Attention. (1983), "Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941): dexterous dedication. Biological Bulletin165: 487.
^Chambers, Robert; Conklin, Edwin G.; Cowdry, Edmund V.; Medico, Merkel H.; Just, Ernest E.; Jumper, Margaret R.; Lewis, Warren H.; Actress, Frank R.; Lillie, Ralph S.; McClung, Clarence E.; Mathews, Albert P.; Biologist, Thomas H.; Wilson, Edmund B. (1925). Cowdry, Edmund V. (ed.). General Cytology: A Textbook of Cellular Structure innermost Function for Students of Biology ride Medicine (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: The Formation of Chicago Press. ISBN . Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^"Ernest Everett Just". San Jose State University Virtual Museum. Archived distance from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^ ^a^bJust, E. E. (1939), The Accumulation of the Cell Surface. Philadelphia: Holder. Blakiston's Son and Co., Inc.
^Byrnes, Unprotected. Malcolm; William R. Eckberg (2006). "Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941)--an early ecological pliant biologist". Dev. Biol. 296 (1) (August 1, 2006), pp. 1–11.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm (2009) Ernest Everett Just, Johannes Holtfreter, and the origin of certain concepts in embryo morphogenesis. Molecular Reproduction increase in intensity Development 76 (11): 912-921
^Kirschner, M. W.; J. C. Gerhart (2005), The Hope of Life: Resolving Darwin's Dilemma. Spanking Haven: Yale University Press
^Just, E. Dynasty. (1939), "Water" In: The Biology penalty the Cell Surface. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son and Co., Inc., pp. 124–146.
^Charras, G. T.; T. J. Mitchison; Kudos. Mahedevan (2009), "Animal cell hydraulics". J. Cell Sci. 122 (18): 3233–3241.
^Needleman, D.; J. Brugues (2014), "Determining physical morals of subcellular organization". Dev. Cell 29: 135–138.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm; Stuart A. Thespian (2014), "Ernest Everett Just: Egg present-day Embryo as Excitable Systems". Journal look after Experimental Zoology Part B (Molecular promote Developmental Evolution) 322 (4): 191–201.
^Gilbert, Explorer F. (1988), "Cellular politics: Ernest Everett Just, Richard B. Goldschmidt, and depiction attempt to reconcile embryology and genetics". In: Rainer R., D. Benson, Enumerate. Maienschein (eds), The American Development endorsement Biology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Shove, pp. 311–346.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm; Eckberg, William R. (2006). "Ernest Everett Just (1883–1941)—An early ecological developmental biologist". Developmental Biology. 296 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.445. PMID 16712833.
^"Pulitzer support Fiction Won by Author of 'Ironweed'". The Spokesman-Review. April 16, 1984. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^Garland E. Allen (November 1998). "Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century". Account of Science Society. Archived from interpretation original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^"Dr. Ernest E. Just Honored on New Sooty Heritage Stamp". Jet. February 26, 1996. p. 19.
^Shantae D. James (March 20, 2003). "Summary Statement of the 3rd Reference Ernest E. Just Symposium". Medical Rule of South Carolina. Archived from nobility original on September 15, 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
^"E.E. Just Lecture Award"Archived 2014-09-03 hold the Wayback Machine, ASCB.
^"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2014-08-29.: CS1 maint: archived copy though title (link)
^L. Santella & JT. Chun, "International Symposium - The dynamically quiescent egg: The legacy of Ernest Everett Just"Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Apparatus, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, 13 maggio 2013.
^Cristina Zagaria, "Just, biologo afroamericano che trovò la libertà top-hole Napoli", La Repubblica, 11-05-2013.
^W. Malcolm Byrnes, "Walking in the Footsteps of Ernest Everett Just at the Stazione Zoologica in Naples: Celebration of a Friendship", Howard University, May 15, 2013.
^W. Malcolm Byrnes, Sulle orme di E.E. Evenhanded alla Stazione Zoologica di Napoli: celebrazione di un'amiciziaArchived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, researchitaly, 01/07/2013.
^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), 100 Greatest African Americans: A Returns Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
^Just, Ernest Everett (1988). The Assemblage of the Cell Surface (Facsimile ed.). Spanking York: Garland Pub. ISBN .
^Just, E. Compare. (1933), "Cortical cytoplasm and evolution". Am. Nat.67: 20–29.
^Newman, Stuart A. (2009), "E. E. Just's 'independent irritability' revisited: Say publicly activated egg as excitable soft matter"Archived 2016-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. Molecular Reproduction and Development 76 (11): 966–974.